We have known for over 100 years that charge is quantised. A quantum of charge is real and precisely measured with a known charge of 1.6x10-19 Coulombs. The new physics in this book simply acknowledges positive and negative quanta to be the sole fundamental particles from which everything in the universe is made. This simple premise provides us with a single rational explanation for the universe, based entirely upon knowns and observed reality. This contrasts strongly with the current problematic and individually incomplete mainstream models based upon hypotheticals and mathematical realities. This book has arisen out of a long-term frustration with the direction modern physics has taken, seemingly now aimed at justifying the current consensus models of the universe rather than attempting to explain its observed reality. The present- day two generally accepted and yet incongruent models of the subatomic and the cosmic universe have provided us with elaborate hypothetical propositions such as virtual particles, non-realism, curved spacetime and dark energy. And yet, with all this extravagant complexity, they cannot satisfactorily explain the electron, the neutron or gravity. The result is that, as observational tools become more sophisticated, we have become accustomed to hearing media reports that the latest observations are baffling scientific thinking or confounding current theories or suggesting that the universe still has many mysteries yet to be explained. My long-held view is that if observations do not fit the theory then perhaps the theory is wrong. With this in mind and since doing nothing didn’t seem to be improving things, I decided that a more constructive approach might be to do something. That something, this book, is a completely revised model of the atom and the universe that is not only based on physics rather than mathematics but also provides a fit with observed reality rather than seeking to make reality fit the model. My success in this will of course be judged by others, but whatever the outcome, I hope that the result will be, at very least, that it may stimulate others to take a fresh look at things.

1 Introduction

We have known for over 100 years that charge is quantised. A quantum of charge is real and precisely measured with a known charge of 1.6x10-19 Coulombs. The new physics in this book simply acknowledges positive and negative quanta to be the sole fundamental particles from which everything in the universe is made. This simple premise provides us with a single rational explanation for the universe, based entirely upon knowns and observed reality. This contrasts strongly with the current problematic and individually incomplete mainstream models based upon hypotheticals and mathematical realities. This book has arisen out of a long-term frustration with the direction modern physics has taken, seemingly now aimed at justifying the current consensus models of the universe rather than attempting to explain its observed reality. The present-day two generally accepted and yet incongruent models of the subatomic and the cosmic universe have provided us with elaborate hypothetical propositions such as virtual particles, non-realism, curved spacetime and dark energy. And yet, with all this extravagant complexity, they cannot satisfactorily explain the electron, the neutron or gravity. The result is that, as observational tools become more sophisticated, we have become accustomed to hearing media reports that the latest observations are baffling scientific thinking or confounding current theories or suggesting that the universe still has many mysteries yet to be explained. My long-held view is that if observations do not fit the theory then perhaps the theory is wrong. With this in mind and since doing nothing didn’t seem to be improving things, I decided that a more constructive approach might be to do something. That something, this book, is a completely revised model of the atom and the universe that is not only based on physics rather than mathematics but also provides a fit with observed reality rather than seeking to make reality fit the model. My success in this will of course be judged by others, but whatever the outcome, I hope that the result will be, at very least, that it may stimulate others to take a fresh look at things.

1 Introduction